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Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control. Depending on whose definition is used, organic farming uses fertilizers and pesticides (which include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) if they are considered natural (such as bone meal from animals or pyrethrin from flowers), but it excludes or strictly limits the use of various methods (including synthetic petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides; plant growth regulators such as hormones; antibiotic use in livestock; genetically modified organisms;〔Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development of the European Commission (What is organic farming )〕 human sewage sludge; and nanomaterials.〔Paull, John (2011) ("Nanomaterials in food and agriculture: The big issue of small matter for organic food and farming" ), Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference of ISOFAR (International Society of Organic Agriculture Research), 28 September - 1 October, Namyangju, Korea., 2:96-99.〕) in pursuit of goals including sustainability, openness, independence, health, and safety. Organic agricultural methods are internationally regulated and legally enforced by many nations, based in large part on the standards set by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), an international umbrella organization for organic farming organizations established in 1972.〔Paull, John ("From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)" ), ''Journal of Social Research & Policy'', 2010, 1(2):93-102.〕 The USDA definition as of April 1995 is: Since 1990 the market for organic food and other products has grown rapidly, reaching $63 billion worldwide in 2012.〔Helga Willer, Julia Lernoud and Robert Home (The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics & Emerging Trends 2013 ) Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM, 2013).〕 This demand has driven a similar increase in organically managed farmland that grew from 2001 to 2011 at a compounding rate of 8.9% per annum.〔Paull, John (2011) ("The Uptake of Organic Agriculture: A Decade of Worldwide Development" ), Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 2 (3), pp. 111-120.〕 As of 2011, approximately worldwide were farmed organically, representing approximately 0.9 percent of total world farmland.〔 == History == (詳細はForest gardening, a traditional food production system that dates from prehistoric times, is thought to be the world's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem. Artificial fertilizers had been created during the 18th century, initially with superphosphates and then ammonia-based fertilizers mass-produced using the Haber-Bosch process developed during World War I. These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, leading to the decade being referred to as the 'pesticide era'. But these new agricultural techniques, while beneficial in the short term, had serious longer term side effects such as soil compaction, soil erosion, and declines in overall soil fertility, along with health concerns about toxic chemicals entering the food supply.〔 ebook ISBN 978-1-84593-289-3〕 Soil biology scientists began in the late 1800s and early 1900s to develop theories on how new advancements in biological science could be used in agriculture as a way to remedy these side effects, while still maintaining higher production. In Central Europe Rudolf Steiner, whose ''Lectures on Agriculture'' were published in 1925.〔〔Holger Kirchmann and Lars Bergström, editors. (Organic Crop Production – Ambitions and Limitations ) Springer. Berlin 2008.〕 created biodynamic agriculture, an early version of what we now call organic agriculture.〔Biodynamics is listed as a "modern organic agriculture" system in: Minou Yussefi and Helga Willer (Eds.), (The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Future Prospects ), 2003, p. 57〕〔Biodynamic agriculture is "a type of organic system". Charles Francis and J. van Wart (2009), "History of Organic Farming and Certification", in (Organic farming: the ecological system ). American Society of Agronomy. pp. 3-18〕 Steiner was motivated by spiritual rather than scientific considerations.〔 In the late 1930s and early 1940s Sir Albert Howard and his wife Gabrielle Howard, both accomplished botanists, developed organic agriculture. The Howards were influenced by their experiences with traditional farming methods in India, biodynamic, and their formal scientific education.〔Paull, John (2006) (The Farm as Organism: The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture ) Elementals ~ Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania 83:14–18〕 Sir Albert Howard is widely considered the "father of organic farming", because he was the first to apply scientific knowledge and principles to these various traditional and more natural methods.〔 ebook ISBN 978-1-84593-289-3〕 In the United States another founder of organic agriculture was J.I. Rodale. In the 1940s he founded both a working organic farm for trials and experimentation, The Rodale Institute, and founded the Rodale Press to teach and advocate organic to the wider public. Further work was done by Lady Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom, and many others across the world. There is some controversy on where the term "organic" as it applies to agriculture first derived. One side claims term 'organic agriculture' was coined by Lord Northbourne, an agriculturalist influenced bsy Steiner's biodynamic approach, in 1940. This side claims the term as meaning the farm should be viewed as a living organism and stems from Steiner's non scientific anthroposophy.〔Paull, John (2011) ( "The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming" ), ''Journal of Organic Systems'', 2011, 6(2):13-26.〕 The second claim is that "organic" derives from the work of early soil scientists that were developing what was then called "humus farming". Thus in this more scientific view the use of organic matter to improve the humus content of soils is the basis for the term and this view was popularized by Howard and Rodale. Since the early 1940s both camps have tended to merge. Increasing environmental awareness in the general population in modern times has transformed the originally supply-driven organic movement to a demand-driven one. Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing world, many producers farm according to traditional methods that are comparable to organic farming, but not certified, and that may not include the latest scientific advancements in organic agriculture. In other cases, farmers in the developing world have converted to modern organic methods for economic reasons.〔Paull, John ("China's Organic Revolution" ), Journal of Organic Systems (2007) 2 (1): 1-11.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「organic farming」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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